Bladder Cancer

Definition

Bladder cancer is the growth of cancer cells that start in the bladder. The bladder stores urine until it is passed from the body. There are three main 膀胱癌的类型:

• Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma
• 鳞状细胞癌
• Adenocarcinoma

Causes

Cancer happens when cells in the body split without control or order. 这些细胞形成生长或肿瘤. These harmful growths can attack nearby tissues and make it hard for the bladder to work as it should. Cancer cells can also 扩散到身体的其他部位.

It is not clear exactly what causes cancer to grow. It is likely 基因和环境的混合.

Risk Factors

Bladder cancer is more common in men. 它在美国也更常见 people over 55 years old and those who are White. Other things that may raise the risk are:

• Smoking 以及接触到别人的吸烟
• 从事某些工作，例如:
  • 橡胶、皮革和纺织品
  • Painting
  • Hairdressing
  • Machinery
  • Printing
  • Trucking
  • Petroleum
• Exposure to arsenic in drinking water
• 有膀胱癌家族史
• Certain gene problems
• Problems that cause irritation in the bladder such as repeated infections or catheter use
• Obesity
• Certain medicines or treatments, such as:

Symptoms

症状可能不会马上出现. 膀胱癌可能导致:

• Blood in the urine
• 泌尿系统问题，例如:
  • 小便更频繁
  • 迫切需要排尿
  • Pain
  • Slow stream or having a hard time passing urine
• Lower back pain
• Weight loss, bone pain, or belly pain—found in later stages

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about symptoms and past health. Urine and blood tests may be done to rule out other urinary tract issues. 可以进行图像测试 to look for tumors or other changes:

• Cystoscopy
• IV pyelogram (IVP)
• CT scan
• MRI scan
• Ultrasound

A sample of the tumor will be taken and test with a biopsy.

The exam and test results help find the stage of cancer. Bladder 癌症分为0到4级. Stage 0 is cancer that has stayed in one area. Stage 4 is a cancer that has 扩散到身体的其他部位.

膀胱癌的分期

Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the stage of the bladder cancer and the 人的健康和年龄. 可以使用几种治疗方法.

Surgery is often used to remove the tumor and nearby tissue. Options include:

• Transurethral resection (TURBT)—Removes cancer cells with tools placed through a scope. Any remaining cells can be burned away with another tool.
• Cystectomy can be:
  • Partial—Part of the bladder and nearby healthy tissue are removed.
  • Radical—The entire bladder and nearby lymph nodes are removed.
    • In men—The prostate may be taken out.
    • In women—The uterus, ovaries, part of the vagina, and the fallopian 可以取出管子.

Chemotherapy (chemo) uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be given by mouth, shots, or IV. 对于一些人来说，它可以被放入 bladder. This is called intravesical chemotherapy. Chemo may be given:

• 手术前缩小肿瘤
• After surgery—to kill any cancer cells that may remain
• 帮助辐射更好地发挥作用
• For bladder cancers that have spread to distant parts of the body

Radiation therapy may be used alone or with chemo. It uses x-rays or particles to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. It may be:

• External—radiation is aimed at the bladder from a source outside the body
• Internal—radioactive materials placed into bladder in or near the cancer cells

Radiation therapy may be used after surgery, or for those who cannot have surgery. It may also be used to treat symptoms from advanced cancer.

其他治疗方法包括:

• Immunotherapy—drugs that help the body fight cancer. 它们可以通过静脉注射或静脉注射 液体的:作为液体放置在膀胱中的.
• Targeted therapy—drugs that target the cancer cells. 它们是口服的.

Prevention

To help lower the risk of bladder cancer:

• If you smoke, quit. Stay away from others when they are smoking.
• Follow safe practices when working with chemicals.

References

• Bladder cancer. 美国癌症协会网站. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/cancer/bladder-cancer.html.
• Bladder cancer. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:http://www.dynamed.com/condition/bladder-cancer.
• DeGeorge KC, Holt HR等. 膀胱癌的诊断和诊断 treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2017;96(8):507-514.
• General information about bladder cancer. 国家癌症研究所网站. 可在http://www下载.cancer.gov/types/bladder/patient/bladder-treatment-pdq.
• 非肌性浸润性膀胱癌. 泌尿科护理基金会网站. 可在:http://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/n/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer.